BYA7 A2 MODULE 7The Human Life-Span
> SECTION 16.1
Sexual reproduction involves the production and transfer of gametes and the achievement of fertilisation
Testicular and
ovarian histology,
Gametogenesis,
Ovarian cycle (follicular stage,
ovulation,
luteal phase),
Uterine cycle,
Sperm cell,
Movement of sperm,
Egg,
Acrosome reaction,
Female and Male Infertility
> SECTION 16.2
The developing fetus in its uterine environment is
dependent on its mother
Zygote - Blastocyst,
Implantation,
Foetus (circulation),
Placenta (structure,
function),
Maternal physiology (thermal balance,
cardiac output),
Birth,
Oestrogen,
Oxytocin,
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin
HCG, Progesterone,
Lactation,
Prolactin
> SECTION 16.3
The process of growth and development lead to the formation of mature organisms
Supine length,
Standing height,
Body mass,
Absolute growth and growth rate,
Cross-sectional study,
Longitudinal study,
Relative growth
of organs, Puberty,
Hormones
> SECTION 16.4
The digestive system in humans involves the chemical breakdown of food and its absorption from the gut
Alimentary canal (mouth,
oesophagus, stomach,
small intestine,
large intestine),
Lactose intolerance,
Histology of the ileum, Absorption of
glucose,
amino acids,
lipids,
Oral rehydration therapy,
Control of salivary, gastric and pancreatic secretions,
Gastrin,
Secretin,
CCK
> SECTION 16.5
Dietary requirements differ according to age, sex and occupation
Carbohydrates,
Lipids,
Estimate energy content of
food, Proteins,
Transamination,
Vitamins,
Inorganic ions,
Iron,
BMR,
Protein
requirement,
Glycogen loading,
Vegetarian and weight-loss diets,
IUDs
> SECTION 16.6
Respiratory gases are transported between exchange surfaces and the individual cells of an organism
Haemoglobin,
Hydrogencarbonate ions,
Control of blood pH,
Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve,
The Bohr Effect
> SECTION 16.7
Action potentials and synapses play a fundamental role in transmitting information through the nervous system
Neurones,
Action potentials,
Resting potential,
All-or-nothing principle,
Refractory period,
Speed of conductance,
Synaptic transmission
(unidirectional,
summation,
inhibition),
Acetylcholine,
Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine)
> SECTION 16.8
Receptors convert stimuli into electrical impulses in nerve cells
Pacinian corpuscles,
Eye,
Accommodation,
Rod and cone cells,
Rhodopsin,
Sensitivity and acuity of vision
> SECTION 16.9
Skeletal muscles are stimulated to contract by nerves and
act as effectors
Myofibril
structure, Actin and myosin filaments,
Neuromuscular junction,
Stimulation of
muscle fibres,
Myofibril contraction,
Phosphocreatine
and ATP, Slow and fast skeletal muscle fibres
> SECTION 16.10
Patterns of behaviour are integrated and controlled
by the nervous system
Spinal reflexes,
Nerve pathway,
Autonomic Nervous System
(Parasympathetic and Sympathetic divisions),
Control of heart rate
> SECTION 16.11
Homeostatic mechanisms function to maintain the body in a state of equilibrium and allow a degree of independence from the environment
Homeostasis,
Negative feedback,
Temperature control,
Temperature
receptors, The
skin, Hypothermia,
Glucose control
(hormones,
insulin,
glucagon,
pancreas), Diabetes,
Types of diabetes mellitus,
insulin patches
> SECTION 16.12
Senescence is a characteristic feature of the human life-span
Effect of age on BMA, cardiac output, nerve conduction, reproductive function
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