The lungs have structural adaptations that help to prevent infection. Smoking damages these structures, especially ciliated cells. This predisposes the smoker to infection, such as chronic bronchitis.
1) Explain why.

Even though the trachea divides into a left and a right bronchus, inhaled foreign objects tend to lodge in the right main bronchus, rather than in the left main bronchus
2) Explain why.

3) Ventilation can be measured by spirometry. Define

4) Which of those four volumes (from question 3) are not included in vital capacity?

A patient has a tidal volume of 500 ml, a respiratory rate of 15 breath per minute, and a dead space of 150 ml.
5) What is the ventilation in one minute.

Fibrosis is caused by tuberculosis or asbestos poisoning.
6) Would the vital capacity in a patient with fibrosis be increased or decreased? Why?

Asthma is an obstructive lung diseases.
7) Would the residual volume be increased or decreased? Why?

A patient is diagnosed with chronic bronchitis. On examination, it shows that the respiratory airway is blocked with excess mucus and the patient complaints of breathlessness and a recent loss of weight.
8) Explain what might have been the cause of the patient's recent loss of weight.

9) The dorsal respiratory group lies in the medulla. What is its main function?

10) In forced expiration, abdominal and internal intercostal muscles contract, moving the diaphragm upwards and the ribs downwards. Which respiratory centre predominantly controls forced expiration?

11) Describe how central chemoreceptors are stimulated.

12) What causes the stimulation of peripheral chemoreceptors?